Page 53 - 《近代史研究》2020第三期
P. 53

Modern Chinese History Studies


                                                       No. 3, 2020



                 The Early Encounter of u Society" and “shehuV": A Study of Conceptual History
                       .................................................................................................................................Li Gongzhong)4*
                     In the aeNitinal Chinese vocabularg, the word “ shehui" mainly means folk associations foe popular religious
                 gatherings, and is often related to the contemptuous attitude of officials and Confucian elites towards such associations.
                 Western missionaries first introduced the concept of “society" into China and linked this foreian term to the native words,
                 “hui" and “she". In the late nineteenth and eagy twentieth centug, the modern concept of “ shakai" in Japanese was
                 introduced to China and mingled with the experiences and connotations associated with the Waditional term “shehui". Thus,
                 the Chinese modern concept of “ sJiehuS has intrinsic ambivalence. 111600X(301., it points to the direction of social reform,
                 but practiaVy it is still associated with neaative connotations of this term as being disdained by officials and elites and
                 implying dissatisfaction and restissness.

                 Thr Restoration and Reconstrrction of tUr Jiangnan Garrison aftrr tUr Taiping Movement
                     ............................................................................................................................................Gu Jiangi) 19)
                     After the end of the Tai ping Movement, the Qing court and the Jiangning General were eayes to restore the old system
                 of the Jiangnan Garrison, a Waditinyl Manchu mill tag base. However, in the process of raising fund to buil barracks foe
                 Manchu soldiers and filling in the vacancy of Manchu soldiers in the garrison, the provincial governors often delayed the
                 orders from the Qing court on the excuse of lacking funds and postponed the Jiangning Generali request to reconstruct the
                 Jiangnan Garrison. The ot system of the Jiangnan Garrison had not been completed recovered by the reform of the Eight­
                 banner Manchu militarg system in 1898. There were two reasons for this tailure. First, the fundamental changes in the Qing
                 financial system caused by the Tai ping Movement provided the provincial governors increasing financial autonomy, so that
                 they were unwilling to use provincial income to fund the Manchu garrison. Second, the Jiangning General's intention to
                 restore the Waditinyl horsemanship and archeg in the Manchu garrison lagged behind the Pme too much to fit into the
                 Liang iang Governor-gene rail plan i develop a modern army equipped with Western guns and cannons. This research shed
                 some light on the remtionship between the central and provincial governments, between the Manchu and the Han Vicials.

                 Xiangchang and tUe Mechanism of Sichuan Local Militia in Late Qing ...............  Suu Ming)36)


                 The Regulation and Disintegration of tUe Coin Casting System after 1900 ....... Han Xiang )53 )
                     The official  system of casting copper ccins was severely destructed in  1900. After that,  it experienced a  complicated
                 process  of  restoration, reformation and eventual  disiniaration.  Facing the  shortage  of  currency  after  1900,  the  Qing
                 government made some reforms to encourage casting coins and mostly restored the Waditinyl system of casting copper ccins
                 by 1907. Howe eea, alongwith thepaomotion otthecu aencyaetoam bytheQinggoeeanment, castcoinsweaegaadualy
                 replaced by minted ccins. As a result, the theme of the Qing currency reform was transformed from the dual system of silver
                 and copper currency to the uniform system of silver currency. Cast copper ccins were excluded from the new currency
                 system and the bureau in charge of casting ccins was disbanded. Meanwhile, the copper coins cast by priwi business also
                 declined and finaVy died out in the Xuaning Reign. By 1911, though cast coins were still circulated, the practicc of
                 casting ccins had been stopped. This was the end of the Waditinyl ccin casting system that had last for more than two
                 thousand years since the Qin dynasty.
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