Page 45 - 《近代史研究》2020第五期

Modern Chinese History Studies

No. 5, 2020

Expositions and the Changes of Material Culture in Modern China: A Study Focusing on the
Nanyang Exposition and the West Lake Exposition ……………………………… Ma M加(4)

From the perspective of material cultural history, this research focuses on the Nanyang Exposition in 1910 and the
West Lake Exposition in 1929 to examine the changes of material culture reflected in Chinese modem expositions and their
broad social impacts. This article investigates the following aspects: first, the spatial layout of expositions and the rise of
new modem urban public space; second, the collection, categorization, and display of Chinese modem commodities shown
in the expositions ； third, the improvement and evolution of Chinese modem commodities illustrated by the items displayed

in the expositions. This article argues that Chinese modem expositions linked the material existence of commodities to their
functions, so as to facilitate the transformation of “things" from material entities to social/cultural ones, and also facilitate
the overall transformation of the Chinese modem knowledge system.

The Reasons for and the Process of the Westernization of Chinese Clothing Styles since the 1911

Revolution …Yang Kuisong(25)
Since the turn of the twentieth century, the Chinese clothing styles had been inevitably Westernized gradually. This
trend was related to the anti-Manchu revolutionaries9 efforts to promote “ cutting queues, changing clothing styles, and
altering the reign title. ” It was also shaped by the modem era, because the loose Manchu-style clothes and the strict official

regulations on clothing styles could not fit in with the development of modem society・ Even before the 1911 Revolution, the
Qing court had permitted military men and students to change to Western style clothes. Paradoxically, after the
establishment of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen, who advocated the Westernization of clothing styles, did not
promulgate any policy to change clothing styles・ Instead, Yuan Shikai issued the first government order in Chinese history
to Westernize clothing styles. However, in 1929, the regulations of clothing styles promulgated by the Nationalist
government plainly intended to stick to the Chinese tradition and refuse the Westernization・ It stipulated the Manchu-style

long gown and mandarin jacket as the formal dress for citizens, or the so-called u national dress”・

The Transformation of the Western Surgical Techniques and Ideas in Modern China
..................................................................................................・ Zhao Jing(4-6)

In the mid-nineteenth century, Western Christian medical missionaries used the surgical techniques to open the door
for Western medicine to China and showed Chinese a new approach to curing illnesses with surgeries. Western knowledge
and techniques related to surgeries, such as anaesthesia and asepsis, were introduced into China and continuously updated,
and thus lay the foundation for the idea that Western medicine was superior in terms of surgeries. In the debates between
Chinese and Western medicine in the first half of the twentieth century, Western surgical medicine became evidence to

argue the superiority and advantages of Western medicine. Western surgical techniques transcended the material level and
involved the development of various branches of medicine・ They were used to criticize the “ backwardness ” of Chinese
traditional medicine. While advocates of Chinese medicine disputed the superiority of Western surgical medicine, Chinese
medicine also underwent a process of self-reconfiguration. In the new space of medical care represented by modem
hospitals, Western surgeries, at first associated with horrible images of cutting off human bodies alive, were gradually
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